语法试题的烦扰项申明和答题本领二
2.非谓语动词解题战略
1）准确判定非谓语动词
这类题通俗出现在自力主格构造中，如果在选项与句子之间没有连词，则申明，所选为自力主格构造，既名词或主格代词 +分词。
All things ______， the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. consideredB. be consideredC. consideringD. having considered（1998.6）
句子没有连词，申明所选构造不属于从句，那么便是自力主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的干系为动宾干系，谜底应该是A.
____， a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.（1997.6）
A. Other things being equalB. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal
做状语的可所以从句，但B的构造是假造前提，与这里不符，不表目标，C不对，不表将来，自力主格中非谓语动词不能是不定式，谜底为A.
4）判定动名词复合构造的体例
主语地位上，或动词、介词后的“名词代词 +非谓语动词”，如果默示的是一个事变则是动名词复合构造，而不是“名词 +定语。请看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. leftB. being left C. leaving D。 be left
insist on后不接从句，D可以拂拭。这里表达的是对峙要求“开着窗子睡觉”，所以应该是动名词复合构造，谜底为B.
The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blockedB. was blockedC. blocking D. being blocked
做主语的默示下班迟到的缘故原因，天然应该是“交通梗塞”，而不是“被堵的路途”，所以照旧动名词复合构造，谜底为D.
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admittedB. admittedC. having been admittedD. having admitted
动静表达的应该是个事变，申明不是“被登科的孩子”，介词of后不年夜概接从句，申明of后为动名词的复合构造，谜底是C.
3）留意申明非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的干系
准确判定非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的干系是准确选择非谓语动词形式的包管，不论是做什么身分的非谓语动词都表现以下特点：
如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓干系，则用现在分词；
如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾干系，则用过往分词；
如果默示将来，则用动词不定式。
这长短谓语动词运用的基来源基础则，然后再根据其不合的感化，掌握其更细的划定例则。如：
（1）做定语时
做定语的可所以动名词、分词或不定式。动名词做前置定语，所组成的年夜多为牢固短语，四级测验通俗不触及。重要考察分词和不定式做定语。分词或不定式做定语通俗做后置定语。
① The project ____ by the end of 2000， will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1，000，000 users.
A. accomplishedB. being accomplishedC. to be accomplishedD. having been accomplished
② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.（1995.1）
A. doneB. be doneC. having doneD. to have been done
③ As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free， tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households
or more.（1998.1）
A. havingB. to haveC. to have hadD. having had
④ Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists.
A. invitedB. were invitedC. invitingD. to invite
做定语的非谓语动词有一下几种形式：
“doing构造”：分词与中央词之间是主谓干系，表斧正在举行，或状况。如③
“being done构造”：分词与中央词之间是动宾干系，默示主动和正在举行，如：No one is to enter the building being repaired.
“to be done构造”：不定式与中央词之间是动宾干系，默示将来和主动，如①。
“done构造”：分词与中央词之间是动宾干系，默示主动、完成或通俗，如②④。
“to do构造”：不定式与中央词之间是主谓干系，默示将来。如：The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works.
完成形式不能做定语，包括分词的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。
（2）做状语
做状语的可所以不定式，也可所以分词。年夜体构造有：
“doing构造”：分词与句子主语为主谓干系，默示与谓语动词同时发作，或根基上同时发作，或是同时存在的状况。如：
______ the earth to be flat， many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believedB. BelievingC. BelievedD. Being believed
“done构造”：只需分词与句子主语间是动宾干系就可以用过往分词，可以默示完成，可以表斧正在举行，也可以默示前提。如：
_______ in this way， the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. Too look atB. Looking atC. Looked atD. To be looked at（2000.1）
He came in， followed by a group of reporters.
“having done构造”：分词与句子主语是主谓干系，切发作在谓语动词之前。Having seen the film already， I declined his invitation to go to the cinema.
“having been done构造”：该构造默示完成主动，即分词与句子主语之间是动宾干系，且发作在谓语动词之前。如：Having been showed many times， he still didn't understand the operation of the machine.
“to do构造”：这是不定式构造，在句中可以做目标状语，也可以做功效状语，但不定式举措老是发作在谓语动词之后。如：
_______ a teacher in a university， it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.
A. To becomeB. BecomeC. One becomesD. On becoming
表功效时通俗为牢固构造，如too…to…， enough to…。，或是默示出乎意料的功效，常可加组成only to的构造。如：
I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day， she woke to find herself in hospital.
“being done构造”：该构造默示主动与正在举行，通俗置于句首，默示缘故原因。如：Being chased by some spies， he hid himself in the grass.
（2）做表语
测试中对表语的考察重要偏重在现在分词与过往分词的区别上，所以关于做表语的非谓语动词，重要看分词与句子主语之间的干系。做表语的分词通俗只要doing和done两种形式。现在分词默示做表语的与主语是主谓干系；过往分词默示做表语的与主语之间是动宾干系。根据利用规律，如果主语是无生命名词，则表语分词为现在分词；如果主语是有生命名词，以过往分词居多，但也可以用现在分词，但意思不合。如：How disappointed he felt at the result of the election.（他感到失落看）How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election.（他令人失落看）可接表语的系动词良多，除be外另有remain， feel， look， appear， seem， get， become， go.（3）做补足语通俗做宾补的非谓语动词动词的形式选择与别的身分中的非谓语动词形式选择划定例则根基相通。 doing构造：分词与宾语组成主谓干系，表正在举行。
When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and
started dealing with another shop.
A. cheatingB. cheatC. to cheatD. to be cheating
done构造：分词与宾语组成动宾干系，默示主动与完成。
Don't get your schedule _____；stay with us in this class.（1996.1）
A. to changeB. changing C. changedD. change
to do构造：不定式默示将来，如wish somebody to do， expect somebody to do， arrange for somebody to do等等。
being done构造：默示主动和正在举行， watch the flag being raised
Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe
until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.（2000.1）
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated
C. having cultivated D. cultivating
to be done构造：用语默示将来与主动，通俗用语主谓干系时可用to做宾补的动词后，如：want something to be done， order something to be done完成形式不能做宾补。
4）留意申明非谓语动词做什么状语
不合的状语对非谓语动词的要求不合，如默示目标只能是不定式，另外，测试中也常有选择非谓语动词前连词的试题。因此，同学们应留意根据状语与句子间的干系，判定连词的利用。
5）留意不定式的特别句式
不定式在做定语和做状语时都有其特别句式，留意这些句式的特点，测验中就会少走一点弯路。如：
have something to do类：
这类构造相称于汉语的连动构造，即“有事要做”，“买东西吃”，“借书看”等。
a room in which to live类：
该类构造是a room to live in的变体。但如果不认识这个构造，测验中则难以定夺。如：
You will want two trees about ten feet apart， from _____ to suspend your tent.（1998.1）
A. thereB. themC. whichD. where
The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.（2000.6）
A. to be based onB. to base onC. which to base onD. on which to base
the first to do
该构造默示如果名词前有序数词、描述词最后级或序数词、最后级自己做名词用，厥后应不定式做定语。
the ability to do
该构造默示，描述词变了的名词后用不定式做定语。
the need to do
该构造默示由动词变来的名词后用不定式做定语。
the way to do
该构造默示，在一些特定的名词背面常用不定式做定语，应留意影象，如means， reason， time， pressure， moment.
6）熟记牢固搭配，分清不定式与to加动名词
实在随便发作不定式标记与介词混同的只是为数不多的某些句式，只需平常留意积累即可。
prefer doing something to doing something
look forward to doing something
be used to doing something（习尚于做某事）
stick to doing something
object to doing something/ have objection to doing something
be opposed to doing something
admit/confess to doing something
I have no objection _____ your story again.（2000.6）
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
从出题人的心理来看，倘使有to do something和 to doing something的对比项，通俗谜底是to doing something.
7）分清宾补的类别
（1）感官动词后的宾补可所以
doing， do， done， being done的构造，其中being done只用于多数动词背面，如find， smell， feel等。
（2）have somebody do something让某人做某事
have somebody doing something让某人不断做某事
won't have somebody do something不许某人做某事
have something done使某事被做
have something + ving让……不断……
（3）catch，smell，keep，set，等只能接doing的构造，默示主动和正在举行。
（4）leave somebody doing something让某人不断做某事
leave something undone使某事只做了一半
leave something to be done事变有待于处理
leave somebody to do something让某事做某事，默示将来
（5）with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓干系，默示将来。
with somebody doing something宾补与宾语之间是主谓干系，表斧正在举行。
with something to do宾补与宾语间是动宾干系，默示将来，举措实施者在句中找的着。
with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾干系，默示将来，但举措实施者在句中找不着。
with something done宾补与宾语之间是动宾干系，默示完成。
8）留意下列构造中非谓语动词的体
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something
不定式举措通俗为状况动词，也可是停止性动词，默示与谓语动词同时存在或发作。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something
不定式举措发作在谓语动词之前。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something
不定式举措与谓语动词同时举行
9）熟记哪些动词后接不定式，哪些接动名词，如果两者都可，又有什么差异。
既可接不定式，又可接动名词，用法有另外动词常考的有： forget，remember， regret， mean， try等。
10）留意want/need/require默示“需要”时的特别句式
want/need/require表“需要”时，后接主动的动名词或主动的不定式，即doing或to be done的形式。不可混同。
3.自我测试
以上我们简明申明了四级英语测试中非谓语动词的考察特点和应对战略，下面，请同学们做《语法分册》第八、九两章中的自测练习。
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