年夜学英语测验精读：第三册（UNIT10）
Alvin Toffler writes about the fact that technology is advancing much faster today than ever before in history. The symbols of technology are no longer factory smokestacks or assembly lines. As we are headed for the future, the pace will quicken still further.
The Fantastic Spurt in Technology
A. Toffler
To most people the term technology conjures up images of smoky steel mills or noisy machines. Perhaps the classic representation of technology is still the assembly line created by Henry Ford half a century ago and made into a social symbol by Charlie Chaplin in Modern Times. This symbol, however, has always been inadequate and misleading, for technology has always been more than factories and machines. The invention of the horse collar in the middle ages led to major changes in agricultural methods and was as much a technological advance as the invention of the Bessemer furnace centuries later. Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them. It includes ways to make chemical reactions occur, ways to breed fish, plant forests, light theaters, count votes or teach history.The old symbols of technology are even more misleading today, when the most advanced technological processes are carried out far from assembly lines or blast furnaces. Indeed, in electronics, in space technology, in most of the new industries, quiet and clean surroundings are characteristic—— even sometimes essential. And the assembly line—— the organization of large numbers of men to carry out IT repetitive functions—— is outdated. It is time for our symbols of technology to change—— to catch up with the quickening change in technology itself.This acceleration is frequently dramatized by a brief account of the progress in transportation. It has been pointed out, for example, that in 6000 BC the fastest transportation available to man over long distances was the camel caravan, averaging eight miles per hour（mph）. It was not until about 1600 BC when the chariot was invented that the maximum speed was raised to roughly twenty miles per hour.So impressive was this invention, so difficult was it to exceed this speed limit, that nearly 3,500 years later, when the first mail coach began operating in England in 1784, it averaged a mere ten mph. The first steam locomotive, introduced in 1825, could have a top speed of only thirteen mph and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less tan half that speed. It was probably not until the 1880's that man, with the help of a more advanced steam locomotive, managed to reach a speed of one hundred mph. It took the human race millions of years to attain that record.It took only fifty-eight years, however, to go four times that fast, so that by 1938 men in airplanes were traveling at better than 400 mph. It took a mere twenty-year flick of time to double the limit again. And by the 1960's rocket plants approached speeds of 4,00 mph. and men in space capsules were circling the earth at 18,000 mph.Whether we examine distances traveled, altitudes reached, or minerals mined, the same accelerative trend is obvious. The pattern, here and in a thousand other statistical series, is absolutely clear and uITtakable. Thousands of years go by, and then, in our won times, a sudden bursting of the limits, a fantastic spurt forward.The reason for this is tat technology feeds on itself. Technology makes more technology possible, as we can see if we look for a moment at the process of innovation. Technological innovation consists of three stages, linked together into a self-reinforcing cycle. First, there is the creative, feasible idea. Second, its practical application. Third, its diffusion through society.The process is completed, the loop closed, when the diffusion of technology embodying the new idea, in turn, helps generate new creative ideas. Today there is evidence that the time between each of the steps in this cycle has been shortened.Thus it is not merely true, as frequently noted, that 90 percent of all the scientists who ever lived are now alive, and that new scientific discoveries are being mad every day. These new ideas are put to work much more quickly than ever before. The time between the first and second stages of the cycle—— between idea and application—— has been radically reduced. This is a striking difference between ourselves and our ancestors. It is not that we are more eager or less lazy than our ancestors, but we have, with the passage of time, invented all sorts of social device to hasten the process.But if it takes less time to bring a new idea to the marketplace, it also takes less time for it to sweep through the society. For example, the refrigerator was introduced in the United States before 1920, yet its peak production did not come until more than thirty years later. However, by 1950—— in only a few years—— television had grown from a laboratory novelty to the biggest part of show business. So the interval between the second and third stages of the cycle—— between application and diffusion—— has likewise been cut, and the pace of diffusion is rising with astonishing speed.The stepped-up pace of invention, application and diffusion, in turn, accelerates the whole cycle still further. For new machines or techniques are not merely a product, but a source, of fresh creative ideas. NEW WORDSfantastica. unbelievably large or great极年夜的；难以相信的spurtn. a short sudden increase of activity, effort or speed; burst猛增；突然加速；迸发conjurevt. cause（sth.） to appear in the mind唤起；使想起smokya. giving out much smokemilln. factory or workshopclassica. typical经典的，典范的representationn. sth. that represents代表represent vt.symboln. sign, mark, or object which represents a person, idea, value, etc.意味inadequatea. not adequate; insufficientmisleadinga. causing wrong conclusions; causing mistakesmislead vt.inventionn. the act of inventing; sth. inventedhorse collar马轭agriculturala. of agriculturefurnacen.熔炉，炉子applyvt. put into use or operation使用，运用occurvt. take place; happenbreedvt. raise（esp. animals）饲养voten.选票；推举（权）advanceda. far on in development; modernblastn.鼓风；送风blast furnace鼓风炉；高炉electronicsn.电子技能；电子学surroundingsn.（used with a pl. v.） everything around and about a place; conditions of life情况characteristica. showing the individual character默示特征的essentiala. necessary; most importantorganizationn. the act of organizing; an organized body or systemrepetitiven. the act of organizing; an organized body or systemrepetitivea. of or characterized by the act of repeatingrepetition n.functionn. special duty（of a person） or purpose（of a thing）职责，功用，感化outdateda. no longer in general use; old-fashioned逾期的quickenv. make or become quick（er）accelerationn.加速dramatizevt. put into dramatic from; express or represent（sth.） in a dramatic or exaggerated wayaccountn. report or descriptiontransportationn. the business of carrying people or goods from one place to another运输transport vt.BC abbr.Before（ the birth of） Christ公元前availablea. capable of being got, obtained, used, etc.可获得的；可使用的cameln.骆驼caravann.（来回于戈壁地带的）商队averagevt. have as an average匀称为perprep. for each每mphabbr. miles per hourchariotn. two-wheeled carriage pulled by horses（古时）双轮马拉战车maximumn. a.（being） the largest number, amount, etc.roughlyad. about; more or less but not exactlyimpressivea. IT a deep impression on the mind and feelings给人深入的印象的
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