Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别
　　在英语中，条约通俗称为Contract，协议通俗称为Agreement。
　　何谓“Contract”?
　　1999年中国《条约法》第二条对contract界说为：A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一界说，条约划一主体之间设立确实定夷易近事权益和义务的协议。
　　Steven H. Gifts编着的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 界说为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一界说，条约是一种答应，违背答应可以获得法则救济，某种意义上法则将实施该答应看做是一种补偿。
　　L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的界说：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一界说，条约便是有法则束缚力的协议。
　　综合起来，有一个相通点，便是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”大概说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。
　　何谓“Agreement”?
　　L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一界说，协议是对已经做或准备做的相做事件，经由闲谈、协商后获得同等意见，以行动或书面形式做出的商定。
　　Black “Law Dictionary”有两个界说。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一界说，协议即双方或多方京某些过往或将来某些毕竟的相干权益、义务或相干权益、义务的实施而达成的同等了解和愿看。
　　另一个是：The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.根据这一界说，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了商定双方责任或相互责任，就财产权益、长处的转移获得的同同等意。
　　Contract(条约)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以交换呢？
　　条约的建立必需具有几个重要身分。它们（要约和答应组成的）协议、约因、设立法则干系的愿看和缔约本领四年夜部分组成。
　　L.B Curzon编着的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves”
　　1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和尽对接受)
　　2. consensus ad idem (意思默示同等，也叫meeting of minds)
　　3. intention to create legal relations (建立条约干系的自愿)
　　4. genuineness of consent (赞同的真实性)
　　5. contractual capacity of the parties (条约当事人的缔约本领)
　　6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)
　　7. possibility of performance (实施的年夜概性)
　　8. certainty of terms(条目确实定性)
　　9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)
　　Black “Law Dictionary” 中注释道：Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“条约”常常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议年夜概缺乏条约的必备条目（essential clauses/provisions）。
　　理想利用当中，协议可不受必备条目的限制，而称为条约的体裁一定少不了必备条目，有的条约将其单列，称为通俗条目（General provisions）。
　　1999中国《条约法》第十二条划定了八项通俗条目，分别是：
　　1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的称呼或姓名和住址)
　　2. contract object(标的)
　　3. quantity(数量)
　　4. quality(质量)
　　5. price or remuneration(价款大概报酬)
　　6. time limit, place and method of performance (实施刻日、地点和体例)
　　7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任)
　　8. methods to settle disputes (处理争议的体例)
　　上述注释申明，contract(条约)和agreement(协议)的不雅观点固然靠近，但利用范围不合，不能交换利用。条约是协议的重要组成部分，全部条约一定是协议，而协议不见得都是条约。可以说具有条约建立要求的具有逼迫实施力的协议才是条约。
　　构造特点
　　条约类法则文件用以划定当事人的权益与义务，是防备与处理争议的根据。条约英语行文慎密而准确，历史悠久，深含法则文明秘闻。
　　中文的条约开头通俗先枚举当事人的称呼、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是条约注释，末端是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语条约通俗以下面这类句式为开头：
　　This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")
　　然后是开始陈说：
　　WHEREAS...THEREFORE
　　… It is hereby agreed as follows:
　　或以：
　　WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…
　　NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:
　　接着是注释，末了是证明部分，：
　　IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
　　随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期通俗在英文条约最挑拨诽谤是找不到的。
　　下面列出新加坡、美国、喷鼻香港和日本的条约格式。
　　A. 新加坡
　　Agreement
　　THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part.
　　WHEREAS:
　　1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.
　　2.
　　….
　　NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:
　　1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company's IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September
　　2.
　　….
　　IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
　　THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO
　　Duties of Manger
　　1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.
　　SIGNED by Roger Tan
　　For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD
　　In the presence of
　　SIGNED by TERESA WONG
　　In the presence of
　　新加坡的通用条约分五部分：
　　第一部分：称为parties，重要介绍条约各方的姓名或称呼，注册地国及地点、邮编及各自在条约的简称。开头框架通俗为：
　　THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ （month）,____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part.
　　句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和称呼，都应年夜写。当事人是天然人的，用“of”和厥后的住址相连；是法人或不法人单元的，用“having its registered office at”和厥后注册地点相连。
　　第二部分：称为recital。以WHEREAS开头，进进论述部分，用陈说正式申明当事人订立条约的缘故原因。
　　第三部分：称为habendum　详细商定当事人的权益和义务。注释部分的结束段为：
　　IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
　　这段感化相称于中文条约的“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。
　　第四部分：称为schedule或addendum，附录。是对前述条约部分条目的需要弥补。不是全部条约都有这一项。
　　第五部分：称为attestation，证明部分。当事人如果天然人，用“SIGNED by __”
　　；连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”；当事人是法人或不法人单元时，授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”，然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文条约的清楚不合是签章处除当事人外，多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不合的是条约订立日期没有放在条约末了，而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。
　　第五部分在新加坡另有另一种表达
　　As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.
　　Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named
　　In the presence of
　　Signature
　　Address
　　Occupation
　　上述条约的格式很有代表性，别的英文格式与之比拟年夜同年夜异，有的条约中不含附录。
　　B. 美国
　　APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR
　　AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.
　　WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:
　　1. THAT the Company shall …
　　2. This agreement shall commence on ….
　　3.
　　4.
　　IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned
　　SIGNED BY
　　Name :
　　Designation :
　　For and on behalf of : (signature)
　　Contractor :
　　Designation :
　　For and on behalf of : (signature)
　　本条约分为四个年夜部分（缺附录，schedule）。与上一条约根基相通，但第一段没有谓语，不是个完整的句子。一般用词与前一条约有差异。末了落款处还多了了“职务”，即designation(有的条约还惯用position).　　C. 喷鼻香港
　　CONTRACT
　　CONTACT NO.
　　SIGNING DATE/PLACE
　　THE BUYER: Name
　　Legal Address
　　Contact
　　THE SELLER: Name
　　Legal Address
　　Contact
　　This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.
　　1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT
　　2. PRICE
　　3. PAYMENT
　　4. PACKING
　　5.
　　IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.
　　THE BUYER THE SELLER
　　___________ ___________
　　By:__________ By:__________
　　Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________
　　THE END USER
　　___________
　　By: __________
　　Date: --------____-_________
　　比起前两个条约，该生意条约的不合之处于在于，条约开头出现了条约编号和签订日期，当事人称呼或姓名接纳简朴列举式。证明部分用完成时被静态，末了落款处SIGNED BY项目，但增加了最终用户一项。
　　D. 日本
　　SERVICE AGREEMENT
　　This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH:
　　WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and
　　WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B's request)
　　NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:
　　1.
　　2.
　　3.
　　IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.
　　______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.
　　(signature) (signature)
　　MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR
　　该条约也由四年夜部分组成，与上述条约最年夜的不合在于，在论述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH（鉴于），末了落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目，但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来，放在签字的下一行。别外，当事人的简称部分用的都是年夜写。
　　比拟之下，英文条约除一般中央外，整个条约的段落排列，句式和用词年夜同小异。在起草英文条约时，只需仿用上述任何一个，都算是地道的英文表达。
　　英语条约的用词特点(Formal term)
　　条约英语的用词极度精致精美，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。详细表现鄙人列方面：
　　1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的利用
　　May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再认识不外，但在条约顶用这些词时要极度盛大。权益义务的约见定部分组成了条约的主体。这几个词如选用不当，年夜概会惹起胶葛。
　　may 旨在商定当事人的权益（可以做什么），Shall商定当事人的义务（该当做什么时候）， must 用于逼迫性义务（必需做什么），may not (或shall not)用于克制性义务（不得做什么）。May do 不能说成can do shall do，不能说成should do 或ought to do，may not do 在美国一些法则文件可以用shall not，但尽不能用can not do或must not )
　　例如，在商定处理争议的途径时的，可以说：
　　The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
　　本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应领先行协商，所以接纳了义务性“商定”，如果协商处理不了，作为当事人的权益，用选择性商定may也很稳当。如果may和shall 调换地位会如何样？ 前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以经由历程协商处理，意思上说得过往，但后半句的may换用shall 后，变成了该当诉讼处理，好象一失事，就要先见官，这就有些不敌对了。
　　本句可译：双方首先应经由历程敌对协商，处理因条约而发作的或与条约有关的争议。如果协商未果，条约中又无仲裁条目商定或争议发作后未就仲裁达成协方的，可将争议提交有统领权的人夷易近法院处理。
　　2、正式用语（formal term）
　　条约英语有着严酷的风格，与别的英语作品有很年夜不合。
　　例如：
　　“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of "，远远多于“due to”通俗不用“because of ”；
　　“财政年度末”通俗用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”；
　　“在……之前”通俗用“prior to”，而不用“before”；
　　“关于”常用“as regards”， “concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；
　　“毕竟上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”；
　　“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”；
　　“防止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”；
　　“何时闭会并由某某掌管”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”，而用“convene”；“掌管”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”，而用“preside”；
　　“其他事变”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”；
　　“了解条约”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”;
　　“以为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”；
　　“宁愿答应做”用“intend to do”或“desrie to do”，而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。
　　用词专业（Technical Terms）
　　条约用词不以民众能否了解和接受为转移，它是条约说话准确表达的保证。如条约出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“统领”、“损毁”、“灭失落”等就年夜概让非行业人士隐晦，在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个条约都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是条约英语的一年夜特征。
　　别的例子另有：
　　“补偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”
　　“不动产让渡”用“conveyance”，而不用“trnasfer of real estate”
　　“衡宇出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property”
　　“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”
　　专利允许中的“特许权益用费”只用“royalities”
　　还款或专利请求的“脱期期”英文“grace”,
　　“当事人在停业中的息争”用“composition”
　　以什物出资为“investment in kind”
　　“依照条约相干划定”通俗说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”
　　“条约任何一方当事人不得让渡本条约”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”默示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。
　　3、同义词、近义词、相干词的序列
　　FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______，a copy of which is annexed hereto.
　　在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell, transfer, assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文条约里非常遍及。这是出于严谨和杜尽马脚的思量，有的也属于条约用语的牢固形式。如：
　　This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相干词并列。
　　For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”， “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。
　　The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都默示“依照本协议的条目划定”。条约条目的牢固形式是“terms and conditions”
　　再例如：
　　“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”，一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思几乎相通。
　　并列的词另有：
　　ships and vessels
　　support and maintenance
　　licenses and permits
　　charges, fees, costs and expenses
　　any and all
　　any duties, obligations or liabilities
　　the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns
　　control and management of the partnership
　　applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules
　　4、拉丁词
　　在外洋条约中，拉丁词仍旧是很罕见：
　　比例税率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多
　　从事慈善性效力的状师：pro bono lawyer，不如何用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance
　　委托代庖署理人：多用agent ad litem
　　不可抗力：force majuere.

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