英语语法的考察重点三
三、定语从句
定语从句在四级英语测试中据有一定的比重，年夜约在词汇语法题的7.4百分，匀称每次都有一题，理想测试中偶尔多达三道题，如1996年6月，98年6月和2000年6月都有三倒考察定语从句的题。在我们讲四级英语测试对定语从句的考察之前，先让我们看以下几题：
Test yourself
1） Living in the central Australian desert has its problems， ____
obtaining water is not the least.（1998.1）
A.for whichB.to whichC.of whichD.in which
2） A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region， ____were surprising.（1999.1）
A.as resultsB.which resultsC.the results of itD.the results of which
3） We need a chairman ____.（1998.6）
A.for whom everyone has confidenceB.in whom everyone has confidence
C.who everyone has confidence ofD.whom everyone has confidence on
4） The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things， ___ is often the case in other countries.（1998.6）
A.asB.whatC.soD.that
5） The course normally attracts 20 students per year， ____ up to half will be from overseas.（1998.6）
A.in whichB.for whichC.with which D.of whom
6） Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers， ____overall
consumption is significantly higher than that of women.（2000.6）
A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.what
7） We were struck by the extent ____ which teacher's decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the children.（1996.6）
A.toB.for C.in D.with
8） Melted iron is poured into the mixer much ____ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.（1996.6）
A.in the same way likeB.in the same way which
C.in the same wayD.in the same way as
9） I've never been to Beijing， but it is the place ____.（1999.6）
A.where I'd like to visitB.in which I'd like to visit
C.I most want to visit D.that I want to visit it most
10） ___ might be expected， the response to the question was very
mixed.（1996.6）
A.AsB.ThatC.ItD.What
Explanation and Expansion
A.参考谜底： 1） C 2） D 3） B 4） A 5） D 6） A 7） A
8） D 9） C 10） A
B.评析
从以上各题可以看出，定语从句的考察照旧会合在干系词的选择，与1，2，3级不合，四级测验中的定语从句固然也有干系词最通俗的用法，但更多的是对特别干系词的考察。总的说来有以下几点需要留意
①干系词的利用一看先行词，二看干系词在从句中的感化，在此基础上熟记几个常用的牢固句式，如：
the same… as
such… as
当看到先行词前有the same或such润色时，可直接从选项中找as，选择就变得比较简朴，如8.在这种情况下，考生用不着思量先行词是人照旧物。如
Our company won't employ such graduates as you recommend.
I'm determined to buy such a flat as you are now living in.
②下面有两道题触及到干系词在句中做定语。同学们应该认识干系词做定语时的各种变体。
做定语的干系词可有以下变体，试比较：
the office whose windows are broken
the office the windows of which are broken
the office of which the windows are broken
下面的2）题就属于the windows of which这种形式。
先行词是人时，异样也可有这三种形式，如：
the professor whose car was stolen
the professor the car of whom was stolen
the professor of whom the car was stolen
固然测验中也有最通俗形式的考察，如下面的6），只需可以看出干系词做定语润色overall consumption就不难判定谜底为whose.
③留意“介词 + which/whom”的构造做干系词
从四级测验对定语从句的测试来看，重要考察的是介词的选择。“介词 + which/whom”重要有以下几种情况
A.介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，如3）。默示“信任某人”要用have confidence in somebody，所以做定语，应该用a chairman in whom… has confidence.
B.“部分 + of +团体名词”的构造，该构造，做干系词也便是“部分名词 + of which/whom”的构造。
该构造的利用应留意两点，一是留意定语从句与并列句的分别，如：
He invited two scientists to his birthday party， many of _____ were
his old classmates.
A.whom B.them C.which D.that
这里很天然地会有many of whom与many of them的选择。
二是留意该构造可以有变体，即“of whom/which +部分名词”，下面的5）题便是一例，可以写成up to half of whom.
C.另一种介词是默示最后级范围的介词，四级考题中已经有两个这种考题，如下面的1）题，实在该句默示的是obtaining water is not the least of its problems，所以用of which，2000年6月又有一道与此根基完全相通的题：
Living in the western part of the country has its problems， ____ obtaining fresh water is not the least.
A.with which B.for which C.of which D.which（2000.6）
D.更多的是看干系词与先行词之间的干系，如：
He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people， of which this is an example.
这里用of which因为，正常的构造是an example of the music.
E.偶尔介词与先行词组成短语，如7）题，to which源于to… extent的短语搭配。1997年1月也有一道题考察该短语搭配。
It is useful to be able to predict the extent ________which a price
change will affect supply and demand.
A.from B.with C.to D.for（1997.1）
④留意as指导的非限制性定语从句的用法
as指导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，默示“正如……”。如下面的4）和10）两题。
通俗as指导定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。which指导非限制性定语从句，其先行词也可所以主句或主句中的一部分。但，as从句默示的活动常常是在主句活动之前，而which指导的定语从句默示的却在主句之后，默示一连发作的事变或功效等。如：
He promised to help me， which he did.
He was often late for work， which cost him his job.
⑤留意先行词为时候、地点或缘故原因时，干系词的选用。如果用when， where或why，干系词在从句中应该是做状语，不然的话则应该用which/that等。如下面9）中，先行词在从句中visit的宾语，干系词不能用where，而只能是that/which.再如：
I will never forget the days that I spent with my friends in the country.
⑥干系词做替代的身分在从句中不能再次出现。
⑦留意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如：
There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A.that B.which C.in which D.whose（2000.6）
因为signs与背面的restaurants没有润色和被润色干系，所以whose不对，如果是定语从句，干系词替代signs，而从句中不需要该词。所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句，从句默示sign的内容。
⑧得当留意that和which的不合，什么情况下只能用that，什么情况下只能用which.
⑨留意从句与别的身分的区别，如下题：
As _________announced in today's ITs， the Shanghai Export Commoditier Fair is also open on Sundays.
A.being B.is C.to be D.been（1997.1）
这里触及到从句与非谓语动词的区别，如果长短谓语动词的话，则是留存了连词的非谓语动词做状语，根据announce与句子主语之间的干系，应该什么都不填，这里照旧定语从句。谜底为B.
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